NATO’s Article 4 Consultations Reveal Alliance’s Hesitant Response to Russian Aggression

Last week, Estonia reported a clear breach of its sovereignty when three Russian fighter jets intruded into its airspace for twelve minutes. This blatant act of aggression was promptly denied by Moscow, but it raises an urgent question: how prepared is NATO to defend its members against a resurgent Russia? In response, NATO convened formal consultations at Estonia's request under Article 4 of the Washington Treaty — a provision allowing members to consult when any party feels its territorial integrity or security is threatened. However, this mechanism produces discussions, not automatic collective defense action. Is NATO’s Response Enough to Deter...